gheibhim

Gheibhim is an irregular verb with faighim in the dependent. The dependent form was traditionally spelled with a broad -gh-  (faghaim). The verbal noun is fáil /fɑ:lʹ/. I’m spelling the autonomous with a broad -gh- throughout, as PUL stated had a broad -t- ending in the present autonomous when appended to a broad consonant and a slender one when appended to a slender consonant, and so the spelling needs to be right for PUL’s pronunciation. The verbal adjective is fálta /fɑ:lhə/; more traditional alternatives in use in parts of Munster include faighte and fachta. Fálta and sometimes fachta was used in Peadar Ua Laoghaire’s works.

Audio files were read by Eoiní Mhaidhc Ó Súilleabháin, native speaker in the Cork Gaeltacht, August 10th-11th 2010.

Habitual present tense

	affirmative form			negative form
I	gheibhim audio	jəimʹ		ní fhaighim audio	nʹi: əimʹ
you s.	gheibheann tú	jəin tu:		ní fhaigheann tú	nʹi: əin tu:
he	gheibheann sé	jəin sʹe:		ní fhaigheann sé	nʹi: əin sʹe:
we	gheibhimíd	jəimʹi:dʹ		ní fhaighimíd	nʹi: əimʹi:dʹ
you pl.	gheibheann sibh	jəin sʹivʹ		ní fhaigheann sibh	nʹi: əin sʹivʹ
they	gheibhid siad	jəidʹ sʹiəd		ní fhaighid siad	nʹi: əidʹ sʹiəd
one	gheibhtear	jəitʹər		ní faghtar	nʹi: fəitər

Note: this verb was historically do-gheibhim, explaining the lenition. The negative form is ní fhaighim, and not the Kerry form ní bhfaighim cited in the book Teach Yourself Irish. Faighim is found in AÓL in the affirmative, implying he had no forms in gheibh-. Ní fachtar is also found in the dependent autonomous, as the medial consonant became broadened. AÓL had fhachtar after the relative particle, showing he lenited the autonomous in lenitable circumstances. He probably had fachtar in the affirmative autonomous.

Simple past tense

	affirmative form			negative form
I	do fuaras audio	də fuərəs		ní bhfuaras	nʹi: vuərəs audio
you s.	do fuarais	də fuərisʹ		ní bhfuarais	nʹi: vuərisʹ
he	do fuair sé	də fuərʹ sʹe:		ní bhfuair sé	nʹi: vuərʹ sʹe:
we	do fuaramair	də fuərəmirʹ		ní bhfuaramair	nʹi: vuərəmirʹ
you pl.	do fuarabhair	də fuəru:rʹ		ní bhfuarabhair	nʹi: vuəru:rʹ
they	do fuaradar	də fuərədər		ní bhfuaradar	nʹi: vuərədər
one	do fuaradh	də fuərəg		níor fuaradh	nʹi:r fuərəg

Note: the past-tense autonomous form is not lenited after do or níor or after the direct relative particle.  The negative autonomous is found as níor fuaradh and ní bhfuaradh in PUL’s works. The interrogative forms are an bhfuair?, etc, with an bhfuaradh? in the autonomous. Also note cá bhfuaradh? Go bhfuaradh and gur fuaradh are both found in dependent clauses. AÓL had do fuaradh and ní bhfuaradh, as well as go bhfuaradh and cá bhfuaradh?

Future tense

	affirmative form			negative form
I	gheóbhad, gheóbhaidh mé audio	jo:d, jo: mʹe:		ní bhfaighead, ní bhfaighidh mé audio	nʹi: vəid, nʹi: vəi mʹe:
you s.	gheóbhair, gheóbhaidh tú	jo:rʹ, jo: tu:		ní bhfaighir, ní bhfaighidh tú	nʹi: vəirʹ, nʹi: vəi tu:
he	gheóbhaidh sé	jo: sʹe:		ní bhfaighidh sé	nʹi: vəi sʹe:
we	gheóbhaimíd	jo:mʹi:dʹ		ní bhfaighimíd	nʹi: vəimʹi:dʹ
you pl.	gheóbhaidh sibh	jo: sʹivʹ		ní bhfaighidh sibh	nʹi: vəi sʹivʹ
they	gheóbhaid siad	jo:dʹ sʹiəd		ní bhfaighid siad	nʹi: vəidʹ sʹiəd
one	gheófar	jo:fər		ní bhfaghfar	nʹi: vəifər

Note: The future was traditionally gheóbhad, but the form is generally delenited in Cork Irish today (geóbhad; this means that gheibhim shares a future form with gabhaim in the absolute, and sometimes in the dependent too, in Cork Irish). The dependent is either ní gheóbhad or the traditionally correct ní bhfaighead. The forms found in PUL’s works are given above. AÓL stated he had geóbhad, and that the lenited form was rare (other in lenitable circumstances, such as after the relative particle). He had ní gheóbhad in the negative, as well a forms like ní bhfaighidh. He had cá bhfaghfar? and go bhfaghfar in the dependent autonomous.

Conditional tense

	affirmative form			negative form
I	do gheóbhainn audio	də jo:ŋʹ		bhfaighinn audio	nʹi: vəiŋʹ
you s.	do gheófá	də jo:fɑ:		ní bhfaighfá	nʹi: vəifɑ:
he	do gheóbhadh sé	də jo:x sʹe:		ní bhfaigheadh sé	nʹi: vəix sʹe:
we	do gheóbhaimís	də jo:mʹi:sʹ		ní bhfaighimís	nʹi: vəimʹi:sʹ
you pl.	do gheóbhadh sibh	də jo:x sʹivʹ		ní bhfaigheadh sibh	nʹi: vəix sʹivʹ
they	do gheóbhaidís	də jo:dʹi:sʹ		ní bhfaighidís	nʹi: vəidʹi:sʹ
one	do gheófí	də jo:fʹi:		ní bhfaghfí	nʹi: vəifʹi:

Note: gheibhim shares a conditional form with gabhaim in the absolute at least.

Habitual past or imperfect tense

	affirmative form			negative form
I	do gheibhinn audio	də jəiŋʹ		ní fhaighinn audio	nʹi: əiŋʹ
you s.	do gheibhthá	də jəihɑ:		ní fhaighthá	nʹi: əihɑ:
he	do gheibheadh sé	də jəix sʹe:		ní fhaigheadh sé	nʹi: əix sʹe:
we	do gheibhimís	də jəimʹi:sʹ		ní fhaighimís	nʹi: əimʹi:sʹ
you pl.	do gheibheadh sibh	də jəix sʹivʹ		ní fhaigheadh sibh	nʹi: əix sʹivʹ
they	do gheibhidís	də jəidʹi:sʹ		ní fhaighidís	nʹi: əidʹi:sʹ
one	do gheibhtí	də jəitʹi:		ní faghtí	nʹi: fəitʹi:

Note: in historical Irish, the imperfect was do gheibhinn, and this form is found in literature and the Irish of some speakers today (my reader preferred do gheibhinn, but also supplied an audio file for the alternative form, d’fhaighinn: audio). The autonomous form can also be do fachtí or do faghtí – do gheibhtí and do faghtí are found in PUL’s works. The spellings gheibhthí and  faghthí are also found in PUL’s works, showing the pronunciation of the ending can be with h. AÓL had forms like d’fhaighidís in the affirmative. No attestation of AÓL’s autonomous form has been found.There is no attestation of his second-person singular form either (whether absolute or dependent).

Imperative mood

	affirmative form			negative form
I	faighim audio	fəimʹ		ná faighim audio	nɑ: fəimʹ
you s.	faigh	fəigʹ		ná faigh	nɑ: fəigʹ
he	faigheadh sé	fəix sʹe:		ná faigheadh sé	nɑ: fəix sʹe:
we	faighimís	fəimʹi:sʹ		ná faighimís	nɑ: fəimʹi:sʹ
you pl.	faighidh	fəigʹigʹ		ná faighidh	nɑ: fəigʹigʹ
they	faighidís	fəidʹi:sʹ		ná faighidís	nɑ: fəidʹi:sʹ
one	faghtar	fəitər		ná faghtar	nɑ: fəitər

Note: the imperative forms are problematic. The current forms are faigh /fəigʹ/ and faighidh /fəigʹigʹ/, but the latter form introduces an adventitious g sound. The forms used by Amhlaoibh Ó Loinsigh were faig /fɑgʹ/and faighis /fəigʹisʹ/ in the plural. This -gis in the imperative plural is attested as faigis, bígis and glaoigis only. See comments above on faghtar.

Present subjunctive

	affirmative form			negative form
I	go bhfaighead audio	gə vəid		nár fhaighead audio	nɑ:r əid
you s.	go bhfaighir	gə vəirʹ		nár fhaighir	nɑ:r əirʹ
he	go bhfaighidh sé	gə vəi sʹe:		nár fhaighidh sé	nɑ:r əi sʹe:
we	go bhfaighimíd	gə vəimʹi:dʹ		nár fhaighimíd	nɑ:r əimʹi:dʹ
you pl.	go bhfaighidh sibh	gə vəi sʹivʹ		nár fhaighidh sibh	nɑ:r əi sʹivʹ
they	go bhfaighid siad	gə vəidʹ sʹiəd		nár fhaighid siad	nɑ:r əidʹ sʹiəd
one	go bhfaghtar	gə vəitər		nár fhaghtar	nɑ:r əitər

See comments above on faghtar.

Imperfect subjunctive

	affirmative form			negative form
I	dá bhfaighinn audio	dɑ: vəiŋʹ		mara bhfaighinn audio	mɑrə vəiŋʹ
you s.	dá bhfaighthá	dɑ: vəihɑ:		mara bhfaighthá	mɑrə vəihɑ:
he	dá bhfaigheadh sé	dɑ: vəix sʹe:		mara bhfaigheadh sé	mɑrə vəix sʹe:
we	dá bhfaighimís	dɑ: vəimʹi:sʹ		mara bhfaighimís	mɑrə vəimʹi:sʹ
you pl.	dá bhfaigheadh sibh	dɑ: vəix sʹivʹ		mara bhfaigheadh sibh	mɑrə vəix sʹivʹ
they	dá bhfaighidís	dɑ: vəidʹi:sʹ		mara bhfaighidís	mɑrə vəidʹi:sʹ
one	dá bhfaghtí	dɑ: vəitʹi:		mara bhfaghtí	mɑrə vəitʹi:

See comments above on faighthá and faghtí.